References
[1] Charlotte Streifer Rubinstein, American Women Artists: A History of Women Working in Three Dimensions. (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1990), 102-105.
[2] Thayer Tolles, “From Model to Monument: American Public Sculpture, 1865–1915,” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, October 2004. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/modl/hd_modl.htm.
[3] “Mayor’s Daughter to Unveil “Hiker” Memorial Sunday” The Providence Journal, 1925, News Bank Inc.
[4] Christine C. Neal, "Sculptor Theodora Alice Ruggles Kitson: 'A Woman Genius'." Historical Journal of Massachusetts 44, no. 1 (2016): 9. Gale Academic OneFile (accessed November 21, 2022). https://www.westfield.ma.edu/historical-journal/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/2016-Wact-Neal-Sculptor-Theodora-Alice-Ruggles-Kitson.pdf.
[5] “Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson,” National Parks Service, accessed October 26, 2022. https://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/historyculture/theo-alice-ruggles-kitson.htm
[6] Neal, “‘A Woman Genius,’” 12.
[7] Paul Muschick, “How a PA. Soldier Achieved Immortality as a Model for Statues across the Country,” last modified April 1, 2022, https://www.indianagazette.com/leisure/how-a-pa-soldier-achieved-immortality-as-a-model-for-statues-across-the-country/article_c8dfc5ba-a8f4-5aeb-adec-78ac97e7a220.html.
[8] For example, two out of the five in New York and three out of the thirteen Hikers in Massachusetts are standing on a boulder as opposed to a vertical angular podium with a rough-hewn texture. Some have a cross on the front listing CUBA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, PORTO-RICO, and USA in each cardinal, but others do not.
[9] Carol Morris Little, A Comprehensive Guide to Outdoor Sculpture in Texas (Austin: University of Texas, 1996), 70
[10] Gail Bederman, “Theodore Roosevelt: Manhood, Nation, and Civilization.” Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 178.
[11] Bederman, Manliness and Civilization, 188
[12] Ibid., 171.
[13] For BIPOC veterans of the Spanish-American War, see Rebecca Livingston, “Sailors, Soldiers, and Marines of the Spanish-American War.” Prologue Magazine 30, no. 1 (Spring 1998). https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1998/spring/spanish-american-war 1.html#:~:text=Native%20Americans%20fought%20in%20the,and%20First%20Territorial %20Volunteer%20Infantry.&text=On%20board%20U.S.%20Navy%20ships,with%20sailors%20of%20all%20nationalities.
[14] The overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom occurred in 1898 and two years later it was declared the 50th state of the US. Their failure to mention Hawaii as a strategic land they annexed for the war’s purposes plays into the idea that they did not need to do so since they had already given Hawai‘i the ‘venerable position’ of a state. They were no longer a “territory,” yet its native populations are still actively harmed by US annexation.
[15] Lara’s “Monumental Miseducation” speaks to this issue and asserts that the monument’s obscuring of the Philippine-American war is a deliberate act to shield the atrocities that the United States committed in the Philippines leading to over 200,000 civilian causalities within the archipelago.